CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND

Bridging the gap between teeming population and food production is one of the important tasks of developing countries. Expensive staple foods and policy constraints on food imports are the major factors worsening the situation in developing countries (weaver 1994). Protein energy deficiency has been recognized as the most common form of malnutrition in regions where people depend mainly on starch based diets.

Livestock production, animal husbandry and maintenance of soil fertility play important role in rural development and in turn the economy of developing countries and perpetual gap persists between the demand and supply of digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients to livestock in Asian continent (Singh et al 1997).

Poppi and Mclennan (1995) have advocated increasing the quality of legume-based pasture diets to uplift the livestock production. Legume pastures have been projected asan economically viable alternative for proteins and calories in developing countries. Feed supplementations with native legumes is viable and provides additional proteins, minerals, energy in dry seasons and improve the overall nutritional status in developing countries.

Some under-utilized wild legumes adapted to adverse conditions have been explored for their nutritional advantages. Legumes have long shelf life and provide more proteins abundant carbohydrate fiber, low fat and posses’ high concentration of poly unsaturated fatty acids. Legumes are also known for certain bioactive compounds, whose beneficial effects need to be explored for efficient exploitation. Thus, under explored legumes assume importance in terms of nutrition, food security, and agricultural development, enhancement of economy and rotation of crops to improve soil fertility. In view of rural development, the current review emphasizes the importance of unconventional Detarium microcarpum(ofor) as a source of food, feed and pharmactically valued compounds.

In an attempt to source the locally available non-conventional low cost and nutritionally adequate feedstuff for poultry, considerable attention is being focused onassessing the nutritive quality of different seeds.

Mcdonald et al (1994) stated that nutritional value of feed could be evaluated in different ways through carrying out a proximate chemical analysis, evaluation of amino acid profile and by in-vioand in-vitro digestibility technique. D. microcarpum seeds have been implicated with anti-nutritional factors (ANFS) such as hydrogen cyanide, phytate, tannins,oxalate and saponins (Anhwange et al;2004 and Umar et al;2007).

Various published reports have highlighted the negative effects of the use of unusual ingredients on some performance parameters of experimental animals as a result of factors such as nutrient imbalance, improper metabolism, presence of anti-nutritional factors and toxic elements in the ingredient.

1.2 SEED PROCESSING

Edibility of Detarium microcarpum (OFOR) seeds is dependent on the heat liable anti-nutritional factors (Arnold et al 1971). Most of the processing methods employed involve application of heat to eliminate or reduce the level of toxic and inhibitory substances. However, detectable levels of some anti-nutrients will remain even after thermal treatment (e.g. Lectina). Hydrothermal treatments, fermentation and germination have been shown to be most effective boiling and soaking to eliminate some of the toxic constituents before consumption. Various processing methods have been employed by investigators to reduce the L-DOPA of Detarium microcarpum seeds. Most of the methods employed were based on the use of water, chemicals and thermal treatments.

Diallo and Berhe (2003) demonstrated two ways to reduce L-DOPA of D.microcarpum seeds (i) cracking the seeds and soaking them in running water (from a faucet ) for 36hours, (ii) placing whole seeds in a cloth bag and leavingthem immersed in a flowing river for three days. The result revealed that cracking D.microcarpum seeds followed by leaching removal L-DOPA faster than whole seeds. Even though combination of boiling, treating with sodium bicarbonate and soaking reduced L-DOPA, boiling alone was the best method for the removal.

Ukachukwu and Obioha (2000) reported that boiling of Detarium microcarpum cochinchinesis up to 90min (100-105°c) failed to eliminate all the hacmagglutinating activities excessive heating of some legumes may ensure the removal of haemaglutinins, unfortunately such practices lower the protein availability as well as protein digestibility. Cooking and autoclaving are known to reduce the haemagglutinating activity up to 89-99% up to 3h t 100°c.

Cyanide, an anti-nutritional component of legume seeds can be eliminated on soaking and removal of testa before boiling the hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is significantly reduced during dry heat treatment (67%) and autoclaving (68%) D.microcarpum pruiens seeds.

Ravindran and Ravindran (1988) opined that cooking significantly reduce HCN in seeds of D.microcarpum utilis, reduces the cyanide content up o 46%, while autoclaving up to 75%. Cooking is a safe method to eliminate toxicity in legume seeds because it destroys the enzyme linamarase at 72°c but not the glucoside.

Agbede and Aletor (2005) reported the impacts of several methods of processing on the anti-nutritional features of D.microcarpum pruriens seed flours. The lectin was completely eliminated by dehulling + cooking and dehulling + roasting than raw seeds. Phytin phosphorous were highest in raw Detarium microcapum seeds (15.3 and 4.3mg/100g) and lowest in dehulled + roasted seed flours (6.0mg/100g).

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This species I highly appreciated by local people due to its variety uses; it is said to be one of the most appreciated in the environments where it occurs naturally. The fruit can be eaten raw or cooked, but for the most part, its pulp is transformed into flour. The seed flour is a traditional emulsifying flavouring and thicken agent used to prepare cakes, bread, couscous, baby food and local beer.

Its seed kernels are added to egusi soup, or are cooked and eaten as vegetables, as are its flowers medicinal properties are in the roots, stems, barks, leaves and fruits to treat ailments includingtuberculosis, meningitis and diarrhea. The species showed strong inhibitory effects on HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection in methanol extracts. Leaves and roots are used to treat farm animals.

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